Concept

　　Transport of dangerous goods is a special transport, refers to specialized organizations or technical staff of unconventional materials using special transport vehicles. Generally only after rigorous review relevant state departments, and has to ensure the safe transport of dangerous goods, the appropriate facilities and equipment, in order to qualify for dangerous goods transport.

Transport of dangerous goods

Definition of standards

　　Inflammable and explosive dangerous goods is a strong corrosive materials collectively, the transport of dangerous goods there is a huge risk , little attention may result in material damage or personal injury or death , depending on the nature of the dangerous goods are divided into the following.

　　According to GB13690-92 " hazardous chemicals commonly used in the classification and signs" and GB6944-86 " Classification and code of Dangerous Goods " two national standards according to their hazardous chemicals are divided into eight categories : ① ② compressed gases and explosives ③ ④ liquefied flammable liquids flammable solids , spontaneous combustion and flammable when wet oxidizers and organic peroxides ⑤ ⑥ toxic chemicals and infectious materials ⑦ ⑧ corrosive radioactive materials .

　　Class 1 explosives

　　This class of chemical strains in external action (such as heat, pressure , impact, etc. ) , violent chemical reaction to occur , the instantaneous large amount of gas and heat, the abrupt increase in ambient pressure , an explosion causing damage to the surrounding environment items , including no mass explosion hazard , but with burning, and a smaller explosive projectile or only produce heat, light , sound or smoke one or several roles fireworks items.

　　Explosive is the main characteristic of all explosives

　　Such items are chemically unstable in a certain role of external factors , will conduct a violent chemical reaction, mainly in the following four characteristics:

　　· Chemical reactions fast. Generally millionth time to complete the chemical reaction, because the explosion energy released in a very short time , so it has great destructive power .

　　· Explosion generated a lot of heat . This is the main source of explosives .

　　· Large amount of gas , resulting in hypertension. The formation of the shock wave on the surrounding buildings are very destructive .

　　To impact , friction, temperature and other very sensitive

　　Any kind of explosive substance, it must require external supply of energy - initiation energy . A required minimum explosives initiation energy , namely the sensitivity of explosives . Is to determine the sensitivity of explosives explosion a very important sign , the higher the sensitivity , the greater the risk of explosion .

　　Some explosives have some toxicity

　　Such as TNT , digesting glycerin, mercury fulminate and so has some toxicity .

　　With acid, alkali , salts, metal react

　　Some of explosives with certain chemicals such as acids , alkali, salt chemical reaction, the reaction product is more likely to explosive chemicals. Such as : some carbonate case picrate more explosive reaction can picrate ; picric acid by copper , iron and other metal impact , immediately explode .

　　Class 2 compressed gases and liquefied gases

　　This category refers to chemical strains compressed, liquefied or dissolved under pressure , and shall conform to the following two situations:

　　Critical temperature below 50 ℃, or 50 ℃, its vapor pressure is greater than 294KPa compressed or liquefied gas ;

　　Temperature 21.1 ℃ , the gas pressure is greater than the absolute 275KPa, or 54.4 ℃ , the gas pressure is greater than 715KPa absolute compressed gas ; or 37.8 ℃ , the Reid vapor pressure greater than 275KPa liquefied gas or gas dissolved under pressure .

　　First flammable gases

　　Such highly flammable gas , mixed with air can form explosive mixtures. In case of fire under normal temperature and pressure , high-temperature combustion or explosion will occur . Or poisoning

　　All compressed gases are hazardous because they are under high pressure , some of the gas is flammable , explosive, oxidizing , toxic and other properties , in the heat, impact and other circumstances, could easily cause a fire explosion or poisoning.

　　The first two non-combustible gases

　　Gas system does not mean non-toxic, non-combustible gases, including combustion gases. However, when high concentrations of suffocation . Combustion gas has a strong oxidation, in case grease can ignite or explode.

　　Toxic gases of 3

　　This class of toxic gases , toxic toxicity index and Class 6 the same indicators . There is a strong toxic to humans and animals , choking, burns, stimulating effect. Some of them also have flammable, oxidation, corrosion and other properties .

　　Class 3 Flammable Liquids

　　This class of chemical strains refers flammable liquids, liquid mixtures or liquids containing solid substances , but excluding been included due to their hazardous liquids other categories . Its closed cup flash point equal to or lower than 61 ℃.

　　Press the flash point and low into the following three :

　　First a low flash point liquids

　　Refers to the closed cup flash point below -18 ℃ liquid ;

　　Section 2 flash point liquids

　　Refers to the closed cup flash point at -18 ℃ to 23 ℃ liquid ;

　　Section 3 high flash point liquids

　　Refers to the closed cup flash point at 23 ℃ to 61 ℃ of liquid.

　　Flammable liquid having the following characteristics:

　　Highly flammable

　　The main characteristics of flammable liquids are highly flammable , fire , heat , and contact has occurred and oxidant danger of burning , the size of the danger and liquid flash point, ignition point on , flash point and ignition point more low , the greater the risk of occurrence of fire burning .

　　Explosive

　　As low boiling point of flammable liquids , volatile out of steam mixed with air , the concentration of easy to achieve explosive limit , fire source is often explode.

　　Highly liquid diffusion

　　Flammable liquid viscosity is generally very small, not only in itself extremely mobile , but also because of infiltration , infiltration and capillary phenomena such as the role , even if the container only very minor cracks , leaking flammable liquids are also outside the walls of the container . Leak easily evaporate , forming flammable vapors are heavier than air and can accumulate in the potholes area , thereby increasing the risk of combustion and explosion .

　　Easy to accumulate a charge of

　　Part of flammable liquids, such as benzene , toluene, gasoline, etc. , resistance rates are very, very easy to accumulate static electricity static spark , causing the fire.

　　Thermal expansion

　　Flammable liquids expansion coefficient is relatively large , easy expansion of the heated volume , while its vapor pressure also will be increased , so that the internal pressure in the sealed container , resulting in " drums " , or even burst , bursting of the container will produce spark and cause a fire explosion. Therefore , flammable liquids should be stored away from heat ; filling , the container should be left more than 5% of the gap.

　　Toxicity

　　Most flammable liquid and vapor have different levels of toxicity. Therefore, during the operation , should be prepared to labor protection .

　　Flammability are the main features of flammable liquids , should pay special attention to the use of :

　　- No smoking , away from fire and heat ;

　　- Prohibit the use of iron tools prone to spark and wear shoes with nails ;

　　Class 4 Flammable solids , spontaneous combustion and flammable when wet

　　Flammable solids of a chemical strains of this item refers to burning low , heat , impact and friction sensitive , easily ignited by external sources , burn rapidly and may emit toxic fumes or toxic gases, solids, but not inclusive of explosive substances.

　　( A ) the main characteristics of flammable solids are easily oxidized , heat decomposition or sublimation , in case of fire often cause intense and continuous burning.

　　( 2 ) with oxidants , acids and other contacts, reacts violently combustion explosion occurred .

　　( 3 ) of friction, impact , vibration is also very sensitive .

　　( 4 ) Many flammable solids toxic , or poisonous or corrosive products of combustion .

　　For flammable solids should pay particular attention to dust explosion !

　　Section 2 spontaneous items

　　The term refers to chemical strains of low ignition point in the air, prone to oxidation and emit heat, and burn their own items.

　　Spontaneous Combustion is the main characteristics of goods

　　Spontaneous items no regularity in chemical structure , so spontaneous ignition substances have their different characteristics :

　　( A ) phosphorus lively nature , easily oxidized , lighted and particularly low , once exposed to the air soon cause spontaneous combustion . Phosphorus but no chemical reaction with water , it is usually placed in the water saving . Another highly toxic phosphorus itself , its combustion products of phosphorus pentoxide for toxic substances , water can generate toxic metaphosphoric acid . So in case of phosphorus burns in the process of fighting should be taken to prevent poisoning.

　　2 ) diethylzinc , triethylaluminum and other organometallic compounds , not only in air can be spontaneous , intense decomposition of water will produce flammable hydrogen gas , combustion caused the explosion . Therefore , storage and transport must be filled with an inert gas or a specific containers and packaging , nor fire fighting water .

　　According to the different characteristics of spontaneous combustion to take corresponding measures !

　　Section 3 flammable when wet

　　The term refers to water or moisture chemical strain occurs when violent chemical reaction and emit flammable gases and heat some items do not need to fire that can burn or explode.

　　Wet flammable substances in addition to water-reactive , the encounter acid or oxidizing reactions can also occur , and the ratio of water encountered reactions occurring more strongly , the danger is greater. Therefore, storage, transport and use, pay attention to water , moisture, non- fire close to nature in conflict with other substances isolated storage.

　　When the fire flammable when wet , Never use water , acid foam, foam fighting !

　　Class 5 oxidizers and organic peroxides

　　The first one oxidizer

　　Oxidizing means in a high oxidation state , with strong oxidizing , decomposition and release of oxygen and heat of the material. Including those containing organic peroxy groups , which itself does not flammable , but can lead to burning combustible ; with the soft powdery explosive combustible mixture can be formed , to heat , shock or friction sensitive .

　　With a strong oxidizing agent to obtain electronic capabilities , strong oxidation resistance, in case of pH , temperature, vibration, friction, impact , moisture or flammable materials , reducing agents and other contacts could be rapidly degraded , combustion caused a risk of explosion .

　　The first two organic peroxide agent

　　Means the organic peroxide molecules containing peroxy organic compounds, their own explosive , easy decomposition, the heat, is extremely sensitive to shock and friction .

　　Class 6 toxic chemicals and infectious substances

　　No. 1 toxic chemicals

　　Specific indicators oral : LD50 ≤ 500 mg / kg ( solid )

　　LD50 ≤ 2000 mg / kg ( liquid )

　　Percutaneous : LD50 ≤ 1000 mg / kg (24hr exposure )

　　Inhalation : LC50 ≤ 10 mg / L ( dust, fumes, vapors )

　　No. 2 infectious substances

　　The term refers to chemical strains contain pathogenic microorganisms that can cause morbidity and even death of the material.

　　Class 7 radioactive materials

　　This category refers to chemical strains radioactivity greater than 7.4 × 10Bq/kg items.

　　Radioactive

　　Radioactive substances emitted radiation can be divided into four kinds : α -rays , also called A kind of rays ; β -ray , also known as beta- rays ; γ -ray , also known as gamma rays ; There neutron flux . A variety of rays on the human body are large.

　　Many highly toxic radioactive substances

　　Chemical methods can not be used and it does not emit radiation, radioactive material can try to remove or clear or with an appropriate material to be absorbed with a suitable shielding .

　　Class 8 corrosive substances

　　This category refers to chemical strains can burn human tissue damage and metal items such as solid or liquid. Contact with the skin occurs within 4 hours visible necrosis , or the temperature at 55 ℃ , the surface of the steel for the 20th annual corrosion超过6.25 mm uniform solid or liquid. According to the chemical nature of such chemicals are divided into three :

　　First a corrosive acid

　　Section 2 alkaline corrosive substances

　　Section three other corrosive substances

　　Strong corrosive

　　In dangerous chemicals , the corrosion product is chemically relatively lively, and a lot of metals, organic compounds, such as plant and animal body chemical reaction of the material. Such substances can burn human tissue , metal, plant and animal organism , fiber products , etc. with a strong corrosive effect.

　　Most corrosive substances have different degrees of toxicity, some still virulent .

　　Flammability

　　Many organic corrosion materials have flammability. Such as formic acid , acetic acid, benzoyl chloride , acrylic acid .

　　Oxidizing

　　Such as nitric acid , sulfuric acid , perchloric acid, bromine , etc., when these items touch wood , sugar , gauze and other combustible materials occurs when the oxidation reaction , cause a fire.

　　Hazard economic development as essential items need to exist , and because of its great injury , so be sure to keep it , adherence to operating procedures, maintain high vigilance , strengthen the monitoring, to prevent accidents.